While VA (Design Maneuvering Speed) is a familiar concept, there’s another airspeed that often takes a backseat but holds immense significance in turbulent skies: VB (Turbulence Penetration Speed). By definition VA represents the maximum speed at which the aircraft can be safely subjected to full and abrupt control movements without exceeding its structural limits. Learning…

Flap Setting for Take-off Flaps are used during takeoff to increase the lift coefficient (CL) of the wings, allowing the aircraft to achieve the necessary lift in available take-off distance with maximum weight/payload. Take-off distance depends on unstick speed and rate of acceleration to that speed. The unstick speed (Vr) is the speed at which…

Appendix 1 of ICAO Annex 11 outlines the guidelines for naming ATS routes, also known as Airways. This article delineates the structure for formulating designators for these vital air navigation routes. ATS route designator can be subdivided in to 3 parts: Basic Designator Prefix (if required) Suffix (if required) – Number of characters required to…