VH VA VB VC VD Speeds
VH Speed VH speed is the maximum speed in level flight with maximum continuous power. VH speed is used to…
V2 Take-Off Safety Speed | V3 Speed | Take-Off with increased V2 Speed
V2, often referred to as the takeoff safety speed, represents the minimum speed at which the aircraft can safely continue…
Balanced Field Length & Unbalanced Field
The balanced field length is defined as the runway length at which the distance required to continue the takeoff (TODR)…
METAR and TAF Weather Reports Codes
Weather Identifiers: B Began BC Patches BL Blowing BR Mist >=5/8 DR Low Drifting DS Dust storm DU Dust DZ…
RSG (Runway State Grop) – METAR
The RSG code in a METAR report provides information about the condition of the runway surface, which is crucial for…
Climb Gradient Calculations – SID Charts
The climb gradient is the rate of climb expressed as a percentage of altitude gain per unit of horizontal distance…
Kalman Filtering – from pilots’ point of view!
Imagine you’re driving a car through a dense fog, and your GPS isn’t always accurate. Sometimes it tells you you’re…
Negative Load Factor (Negative G)
Negative ‘g’ forces, though less common than positive ‘g’ forces in typical flight operations, can still be experienced in various…
Takeoff Segments | Climb Gradient Requirements | Obstacle Clearance Requirements
Takeoff Path and Takeoff Flight Path (Ref JAR/FAR) Takeoff path extends from a standing start to a point at which…
Washed Out and Washed In Wings
“Washed out” and “washed in” refer to the angle of incidence of an aircraft’s wings relative to the fuselage. Washed…