Fires are classified into different categories or classes based on the type of materials or substances that are fueling the fire. Understanding the class of fire is crucial for selecting the appropriate firefighting methods and extinguishing agents. Fire extinguishers used in aircraft are typically designed to handle specific classes of fires, and they are chosen…
A Level D simulator is a specific classification of flight simulator that is recognized and regulated by aviation authorities, such as the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the United States and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) in Europe. These simulators are the highest level of full-flight simulators, designed to replicate the characteristics and…
“Drift Down” and “Depressurization” strategies are important procedures in aviation safety. Pilots are trained to recognize the applicability of “Drift Down” and “Depressurization” strategies through a combination of their initial pilot training, recurrent training, operational experience, and guidance provided by their airline or the aircraft manufacturer. Drift Down Procedure Drift Down is an emergency procedure…
Manufacturer’s Empty Weight (MEW) It is the weight of structure, power plant, furnishings, systems and other items of equipment that are considered an integral part of the aircraft. It is dry weight including only those fluids which are contained in closed systems(e.g. hydraulic fluid). Operational Empty Weight (OEW) It is the sum of manufacturer’s…
The following information on separation minima based on radar and/or ADS-B and/or MLAT systems shall be applied in addition to those given in Doc 4444 – PANS -ATM Chapter 8 to the aircraft operating in Indian airspace. 5 NM horizontal separation up to 60 NM from radar head 5 NM horizontal separation within 60 NM…
ICAO shares Standards and Recommended Practices(SARPs) for airport signs, runway and taxiway markings, mandatory instruction signs, information signs, mandatory instruction markings, runway holding position markings, etc. via Annex 14, Aerodromes. MANDATORY INSTRUCTION SIGNS A mandatory instruction sign indicates a location beyond which an airplane may not proceed unless authorized by air traffic control. At uncontrolled…
With respect to performance, different aircrafts are certified at different times and comply with different certification rules. Three major certifications rules were defined as: FAR Part 25 – no consideration for reaction time of pilot Amendment to FAR Part 25 known as Amendment 25-42 – over consideration of reaction time Post Amendment 42 – current…
Vs1g and Vs are two speeds majorly abbreviated for stalling conditions. Vs1g -corresponds to maximum lift coefficient i.e. Clmax. Clmax is the condition when angle of attack is maximum and load factor is equal to one. Vs -corresponds to conventional stall condition. This is the time when lift suddenly collapses and load factor is less…
Over the past decades, the global aviation industry has experienced a precarious balance between revenues and costs. Besides, the modern economy is living through an economic recession and so oil prices are now higher than they’ve ever been. Therefore, all over Globe, airlines need to adapt to the competitive world of commercial air travel. Optimization…
Vmcg, Vmca and Vmcl primarily stands for minimum control speed on ground, air and in approach and landing. Vmcg Vmcg is the calibrated airspeed during the take-off run at which if critical engine fails, it is possible to maintain control of aeroplane with use of primary aerodynamic controls alone (rudder) to enable safe takeoff. In…